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  • purgan
    01-22 11:35 AM
    http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5585.html

    The Immigrant Technologist:
    Studying Technology Transfer with China
    Q&A with: William Kerr and Michael Roberts
    Published: January 22, 2007
    Author: Michael Roberts

    Executive Summary:
    Immigrants account for almost half of Ph.D.-level scientists and engineers in the U.S., and are prime drivers of technology development. Increasingly, however, Chinese technologists and entrepreneurs are staying home to pursue opportunities. Is this a brain drain? Professor William Kerr discusses the phenomena of technology transfer and implications for U.S.-based businesses and policymakers.

    The trend of Chinese technologists and entrepreneurs staying home rather than moving to the United States is a trend that potentially offers both harm and opportunity to U.S.-based interests.

    Immigrants account for almost half of Ph.D.-level scientists and engineers in the U.S. and are strong contributors to American technology development. It is in the United States' interest to attract and retain this highly skilled group.
    U.S. multinationals are placing larger shares of their R&D into foreign countries, around 15 percent today. U.S.-based ethnic scientists within multinationals help facilitate the operation of these foreign direct investment facilities in their home countries.

    Immigrants account for almost half of Ph.D.-level scientists and engineers in the U.S., and are prime drivers of technology development. Increasingly, however, Chinese technologists and entrepreneurs are staying home to pursue opportunities. Is this a brain drain?


    Q: Describe your research and how it relates to what you observed in China.

    A: My research focuses on technology transfer through ethnic scientific and entrepreneurial networks. Traditional models of technology diffusion suggest that if you have a great idea, people who are ten feet away from you will learn about that idea first, followed by people who are 100 miles away, and so forth in concentric circles. My research on ethnic networks suggests this channel facilitates faster knowledge transfer and faster adoption of foreign technologies. For example, if the Chinese have a strong presence in the U.S. computer industry, relative to other ethnic groups, then computer technologies diffuse faster to China than elsewhere. This is true even for computer advances made by Americans, as the U.S.-based Chinese increase awareness and tacit knowledge development regarding these advances in their home country.

    Q: Is your research relevant to other countries as well?

    China is at a tipping point for entrepreneurship on an international scale.A: Yes, I have extended my empirical work to include over thirty industries and nine ethnicities, including Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Hispanic. It is very important to develop a broad sample to quantify correctly the overall importance of these networks. The Silicon Valley Chinese are a very special case, and my work seeks to understand the larger benefit these networks provide throughout the global economy. These macroeconomic findings are important inputs to business and policy circles.

    Q: What makes technology transfer happen? Is it entrepreneurial opportunity in the home country, a loyalty to the home country, or government policies that encourage or require people to come home?

    A: It's all of those. Surveys of these diasporic communities suggest they aid their home countries through both formal business relationships and informal contacts. Formal mechanisms run the spectrum from direct financial investment in overseas businesses that pursue technology opportunities to facilitating contracts and market awareness. Informal contacts are more frequent�the evidence we have suggests they are at least twice as common�and even more diverse in nature. Ongoing research will allow us to better distinguish these channels. A Beijing scholar we met on the trip, Henry Wang, and I are currently surveying a large population of Chinese entrepreneurs to paint a more comprehensive picture of the micro-underpinnings of this phenomena.

    Q: What about multinational corporations? How do they fit into this scenario?

    A: One of the strongest trends of globalization is that U.S. multinationals are placing larger shares of their R&D into foreign countries. About 5 percent of U.S.-sponsored R&D was done in foreign countries in the 1980s, and that number is around 15 percent today. We visited Microsoft's R&D center in Beijing to learn more about its R&D efforts and interactions with the U.S. parent. This facility was founded in the late 1990s, and it has already grown to house a third of Microsoft's basic-science R&D researchers. More broadly, HBS assistant professor Fritz Foley and I are working on a research project that has found that U.S.-based ethnic scientists within multinationals like Microsoft help facilitate the operation of these foreign direct investment facilities in their home countries.

    Q: Does your research have implications for U.S. policy?

    A: One implication concerns immigration levels. It is interesting to note that while immigrants account for about 15 percent of the U.S. working population, they account for almost half of our Ph.D.-level scientists and engineers. Even within the Ph.D. ranks, foreign-born individuals have a disproportionate number of Nobel Prizes, elections to the National Academy of Sciences, patent citations, and so forth. They are a very strong contributor to U.S. technology development, so it is in the United States' interest to attract and retain this highly skilled group. It is one of the easiest policy levers we have to influence our nation's rate of innovation.

    Q: Are countries that send their scholars to the United States losing their best and brightest?

    A: My research shows that having these immigrant scientists, entrepreneurs, and engineers in the United States helps facilitate faster technology transfer from the United States, which in turn aids economic growth and development. This is certainly a positive benefit diasporas bring to their home countries. It is important to note, however, that a number of factors should be considered in the "brain drain" versus "brain gain" debate, for which I do not think there is a clear answer today.

    Q: Where does China stand in relation to some of the classic tiger economies that we've seen in the past in terms of technology transfer?

    A: Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and similar smaller economies have achieved a full transition from agriculture-based economies to industrialized economies. In those situations, technology transfer increases labor productivity and wages directly. The interesting thing about China and also India is that about half of their populations are still employed in the agricultural sector. In this scenario, technology transfer may lead to faster sector reallocation�workers moving from agriculture to industry�which can weaken wage growth compared with the classic tiger economy example. This is an interesting dynamic we see in China today.

    Q: The export growth that technology may engender is only one prong of the mechanism that helps economic development. Does technology also make purely domestic industries more productive?

    A: Absolutely. My research shows that countries do increase their exports in industries that receive large technology infusions, but non-exporting industries also benefit from technology gains. Moreover, the technology transfer can raise wages in sectors that do not rely on technology to the extent there is labor mobility across sectors. A hairdresser in the United States, for example, makes more money than a hairdresser in China, and that is due in large part to the wage equilibrium that occurs across occupations and skill categories within an economy. Technology transfer may alter the wage premiums assigned to certain skill sets, for example, increasing the wage gaps between skilled and unskilled workers, but the wage shifts can feed across sectors through labor mobility.

    Q: What are the implications for the future?

    A: Historically, the United States has been very successful at the retention of foreign-born, Ph.D.-level scientists, inventors, and entrepreneurs. As China and India continue to develop, they will become more attractive places to live and to start companies. The returnee pattern may accelerate as foreign infrastructures become more developed for entrepreneurship. This is not going to happen over the next three years, but it is quite likely over the next thirty to fifty years. My current research is exploring how this reverse migration would impact the United States' rate of progress.

    About the author
    Michael Roberts is a senior lecturer in the Entrepreneurial Management unit at Harvard Business School.





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  • gc_kaavaali
    11-14 04:36 PM
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^bump^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

    who gave me red mark?

    somebody gave red mark...what happened???





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  • gemini23
    07-27 08:34 AM
    Can someone with a EAD be in US without a job (say for 1-2 months). Would he be out of status. Will he have any problemsin renewing ead?





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  • go_guy123
    01-11 08:35 AM
    The restrictionist Center for Immigration Studies has put out a DREAM Act proposal that could tell us what the Republicans might propose when they re-draft DREAM to their own liking. It's not horrible - some ideas, particularly those in the first of the two parts - would probably be areas where agreement could be reached. A few ideas - such as introducing a new extremely cumbersome process to get the green card after ten years - are really bad. But it is encouraging to at least be having a negotiation. One had the feeling in the last Congress that only...

    More... (http://blogs.ilw.com/gregsiskind/2011/01/the-gop-dream-act-plan.html)

    GOP can actually do something on imigration side. They already have the conservative votes (conservatives have nowhere else to go) and get some latino vote to top it in the swing states.



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  • sr1973
    08-06 12:28 PM
    The only LUD was on my 140, which is on 7/13 - There was no LUD on any other applications H1, EAD, AP - One LUD today after the status change. Hope this helps.

    Wandmaker,
    Wondering if you ever checked if your namecheck was cleared or not.





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  • GCWarrior
    04-16 04:55 PM
    Our attorney contacted the service center today to say that it is service error and asked them whether it is possible to reopen the case without going thru official process. Not sure whether this works or not and also whether I should believe this or not? Any one know the occurances of these in the past.

    Thanks



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  • arihant
    04-03 11:11 AM
    Hi,

    Found the following in Mathew Oh's website (please see the bottom of my post for it). I will be sending him an email to a) enquire the DOL about increased transparency on its backlog reduction efforts, b) qualify the gif image in the DOL's website stating the elimination of all backlog in 19 months.

    My question is whether any of the core IV members have access to this conference? If so, it might be a wonderful opportunity to ask the officials key questions that relates to some of our goals. Whether they will answer them to our satisfaction is a different story. But, atleast we can ask them. Just a thought.


    Here is the quote from Mathew Oh's website:

    The AILA annual conference will be held in San Antonio from June 21 through June 24, 2006. It is the annual convention of immigration lawyers nationwide, immigration department leaders, State Department officials, Labor Department officials, and other involved entities and orgnizations. This reporter will attend this meeting as he has been doing for over 20 years. Every year, this reporter asked our readers to send him e-mails to indicate the issues which the readers consider critically important at this point of time. Such e-mails help the reporter to focus on the selected issues and try to explore or collect information on the issues. Obviously, the questions should not be related to any individual cases or individual situations. We will convene in the San Antonio Convention Center. This will be the third visit to this city for this reporter. San Antonians, if you see this reporter on the street, please say hello to him!





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  • webm
    02-14 09:28 AM
    "If your RD for the 485 is later than that that means they didn't get to look at your file yet even though your PD is current."

    I heard it is based on ND(Notice Date) not RD(ReceivedDate) of 485.

    HTH,



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  • Riakapoor
    09-16 05:17 PM
    If you are genuine: Don�t do it. It will affect your GC.

    If you are losers guild member using Indian name to post: Leave this forum immediately. I am tired of fake posts. I personally believe Riakapoor and ar7165 are fake.

    Thanks for the advice. Excuse me how could you say that riakapoor is a fake? I am not active in IV but that doesn't mean I am fake.





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  • das0
    06-16 09:50 PM
    InTheMoment,

    Thanks for your thoughts.

    H1B is dual status.

    Currently my wife is on H4 but will be on H1B status on Oct 1 2007. Her H1b and H4 status is just non-immigrant status while her I-485 (though me) is pending.

    Question is:

    If EAD is used for 1 month only (Sept, 07) , will that make her H1B null and void?

    I thought EAD (though I-485) and H1b are independent ?

    Pls advise



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  • rajeshalex
    08-08 02:18 PM
    hmm... Was your wife carrying while the medicals submitted?
    We are also in a similar situation. But no rfe received for my wife. Anyway my background name check is pending.





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  • fide_champ
    09-16 04:06 PM
    USCIS will have no way of knowing whether someone is collecting Unemployment benefits. At the time of I-485 approval, they may need your EVL to prove your employment if you have used AC21. As long as you can provide that letter, you should be safe whether you collect Unemployment benefit or not.



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  • michael_trs
    05-13 03:35 PM
    Smisachu, I agree, I need to add alternative education… thank you for your advice.

    What about “requirements normal for the occupation” is this Yes or No for Master's + 5 years ?

    What is your experience?





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  • ravindrajadeja
    04-29 04:09 PM
    Thanks snathan and aravindhome for your responses.

    I'm going to consult an attorney on this for sure...

    After i consulted my friends and after going through some other posts i figured that F1 is the best option i have now.
    My fiancee is interested in pursuing her higher education, but just wanted to find out if it would be OK that i sponsor her education and state that her fiance is in US with green card at the time of visa application?.. would this cause any problems for getting her F1 visa?
    OR should she not mention anything about me in any stage be it in University Admisssion process or the F1 visa application process?

    I know all of the other options (H1, L1, B1 and GC sponsor for spouse) would require much time.

    aravindhome-- i'm not sure how fast can she get a canadian PR and then come to this Country?...On what basis is she going to enter this country?


    Thanks a lot

    Ravi



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  • gc_on_demand
    09-10 03:11 PM
    If person is working for same company after MS then he/she cannot use experience for GC for same company. One of my friend got GC who was working for same company since he graduated and got GC under EB2. He had 4 years of exp after MS when he applied but could not show





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  • michael_trs
    05-13 10:06 AM
    Here are my concerns:

    1) I put only 1 year of experience. I guess a senior position requires 3-5 years of experience but it will exceed SVP for sure. On the other hand I don�t want to answer NO to H.12 (requirements normal for the occupation) because requirements look pretty normal and NO automatically triggers audit.

    2) Do I have to specify that alternative education and experience is allowed (quest. 8/8A)? (For example BS + 5 years) I don�t really need it because I have Master�s. But I don�t want DOL to decide that requirements are too high or restrictive.

    What do you think?
    Thank you,



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  • rajnag21
    07-20 07:28 PM
    Hi All,
    Is having paystubs absolutely essential or will w2's suffice ?





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  • mali03
    05-25 08:13 AM
    Called Larry Craig's office!





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  • bikram_das_in
    09-08 11:35 AM
    Could be collect call. I would not trust this.





    hanu0913
    10-08 03:12 PM
    Your sentences are confusing. Please no offense.

    You can file your wife's I-485(derivative adjustment) once the PD is current. So just relax and keep on looking Visa Bulletin every month to check if the priority dates are current.

    My case : got GC on June. Filed wife's case in June and she has an EAD.

    All the best.

    so here is exact question , what about if i get GC approval before my PD gets current?





    raysaikat
    10-19 06:05 AM
    Dear friends,

    I entered to US on 5th October 2009 on B1 visa and at POE I was given 3 months duration to stay.

    I came here to write physical therapy licensing exam on 8th OCT (same is mentioned as an annotation on my B1 visa) and now I passed the exam and licensed.

    Now a hospital is ready to file a H1B work visa for me through premium processing and they want me to start working for them immediately.


    Since you do not have H1-B status, you cannot start working unless you actually receive I-797 (i.e., H1-B approval) and I-94 form. The hospital that wanted you to start working immediately might not know that you do not have H1-B status, or the staff may not understand how the immigration status works.

    The premium processing only guarantees that you give get a decision on your case in 2 weeks; i.e., if approved, you will get an I-797. USCIS may attach I-94 to the I-797 in which case you do not need to go out of the country before you can start working. However, my guess would be that I-797 would not have an I-94 attached. In that case, you need to go out of the country, apply for and obtain the H1-B visa (i.e., the visa stamp on your passport) and re-enter US (at which time you will get your I-94).


    Dear friends, kindly let me know whether its safe to change the status within 15 days of my entry. And if not how many days should I delay the filing of H1B. I would like to change the status here without going back to my country for H1B.

    And also whether this will have any future adverse effect when I file the immigrant petition. Thank you very much for your valuable advise in advance.John



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